Understanding Of How The Counselling Works Sociology Essay

Understanding Of How The Counselling Works Sociology Essay Counselling has been defined by the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP, 2009) as talking therapy, which involves a contractual arrangement between the therapist and the client where they meet, in privacy and confidence, to explore a difficulty or distress the client may be experiencing (p. 1). It works through the development of a therapeutic relationship whereby the counsellor actively and attentively listens to the client in order to gain insight and understanding into the difficulties the client is confronted with, from the clients perspective. Using different techniques, the counsellor can try to help the client to work through these difficulties, to understand them, and to solve them or accept them, depending on what the difficulties are. Importantly, counselling does not work by the provision of advice or direction; instead, the counsellor helps the client to gain mastery in directing their own lives. The two counselling approaches discussed within this essay are person-centred counselling and cognitive-behavioural therapy. The theory underlying these approaches will be outlined, followed by examples of techniques used, and evidence of efficacy. Person-centred counselling, also known as client-centred or Rogerian counselling, is a humanistic approach to counselling founded by Carl Rogers in the 1950s (Rogers, 1951). The approach is based on the assumption that human beings are experts of themselves and that they have access to their own innate expert resources of self-understanding and self-direction. The role of the counsellor is thus to provide a facilitative environment and relationship for the client to find these resources within themselves. In order to provide this facilitative environment and relationship, the counsellor basis their interactions with the client on three key principles: 1) They are congruent (genuine) with the client, which can involve the counsellor showing their own human traits through appropriate and well-timed personal disclosure. This contrasts many other approaches to counselling, which tend to promote a more formal relationship between counsellor and client. 2) They provide unconditional positive regard, even if a client divulges something that the counsellor disagrees with; the counsellor remains accepting and caring of the client. Rogers believed this was important for clients to grow and reach their full potential. 3) They express  empathy (the ability to understand what the client is feeling) and  understanding towards the client. By providing empathy, the clients feelings are validated, which can be an important part of moving through and beyond those feelings. These three key principles demonstrate how the primary focus in person-centred counselling is the relationship between the counsellor and client. The person-centred counsellor seeks to establish a trusting relationship with the client in whom the client can gradually confront anxieties, confusion and other negative emotions. Central to person-centred counselling is the notion of self-concept, which refers to the perceptions and beliefs the client holds about themselves. The self-concept is influenced by an individuals experience of the world and comprises three components: Self-worth (self-esteem) thoughts about the self, which develop in early childhood and from experiences with parents or guardians. Self-image perceptions of the self, including body image, which can influence personality. Ideal self the self a person would like to be, including goals and ambitions. The  self-concept  is not necessarily consistent with how others view the client, as is the case in people with low self-esteem or conditions such as body dysmorphic disorder (characterised by perceived defects in physical appearance). Rogers based person-centred counselling the assumption that all human beings are seeking a positive self-concept (self-actualisation). It is this innate motivation towards self-fulfilment that is nurtured during person-centred counselling, with the emphasis again being on the clients own resources. Rogers has been criticised for having an overly optimistic view of human beings (Chantler, 2004), as well as focusing too much on a clients ideal self without considering whether this ideal self is realistic (Wilkins, 2003). However, despite this criticism, there is strong evidence supporting the efficacy of the person-centred approach, including a UK-based meta-analysis of scientific studies (Elliot and Freire, 2008). This meta-analysis demonstrated large pre- and post- changes in therapeutic outcomes that were maintained in the long-term. Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) was founded in the 1960s by Aaron Beck when he observed that during counselling sessions, his clients tended to have an internal dialogue that was often negative and self-defeating. Furthermore, this internal dialogue was observed to influence behaviour. This led to the hypothesis that changing these internal dialogues would lead to changes in behaviour. Thus, CBT focuses on the thoughts, images, beliefs and attitudes held by the client and how these relate to the clients behaviour or way of dealing with emotional problems. CBT takes a problem-solving approach to counselling, where the client and counsellor work collaboratively to understand problems and to develop strategies for tackling them. Clients are taught by counsellors, through guidance and modelling, a new set of skills that they can utilise when confronted with a particular problem. These skills are often focused on reframing negative self-talk in an effort to change ones interpretation of the problem. An event is not necessarily the problem, but more so the individuals interpretation of the event. CBT focuses on the present rather than the past, but does examine how self-defeating thinking patterns might have been formed in early childhood and the impact patterns of thinking might have on how the world is interpreted in the present, as an adult. These patterns of thinking can then be challenged by the counsellor and altered to fit the present. Taking a problem-solving approach means that CBT can offer effective outcomes in relatively short periods of time, most often 3-6 months. As an example, interpersonal psychotherapy for eating disorders has been found to take 8-12 weeks longer than CBT in order to achieve comparable outcomes (Agras et al., 2000). This is an obvious advantage the CBT approach has over other forms of counselling, making it a popular technique and the leading treatment for some mental health issues, such as bulimia (Wilson, Grilo, and Vitousek, 2007). The technique has even been incorporated into health interventions designed to assist overweight and obese individuals in losing weight (Wylie-Rosett et al., 2001) and to facilitate smoking cessation initiatives (Sussman, Ping, and Dent, 2006). CBT differs from other counselling approaches in that sessions have a structure, rather than the person talking freely about whatever comes to mind. At the beginning of counselling, the client meets the counsellor so that they can collaboratively set therapeutic goals to work towards. These goals then become the basis for planning the content of sessions as well as for assigning homework between sessions. The reason for having this structure is that it helps to use the therapeutic time efficiently and ensures that important information is not overlooked. Homework between sessions enables the client to practice and gain mastery in new skills with the opportunity to discuss any problems encountered in the next session. The counsellor takes a more active role at the beginning of counselling and as skills are mastered and the client grasps the principles they find helpful, the client is encouraged to take more responsibility for the content of sessions. The aim is that when the therapeut ic relationship comes to an end, the client is sufficiently empowered to continue working  independently. CBT also differs from other approaches in the nature of the relationship between counsellor and client. Some counselling approaches encourage the client to depend on the counsellor, as part of the treatment process, in an effort to build trust. CBT favours a more equal relationship that is more formal, problem-focused and practical. Such a relationship has been coined by Beck as collaborative empiricism, which emphasises the importance of client and counsellor working together to test out how the ideas behind CBT might apply to the clients individual circumstances (Beck, et al., 1979, Chap. 3). As demonstrated, patient-centred counselling and CBT are very different approaches to counselling, both in terms of structure and the role of the counsellor. In terms of preference, it could be argued that both are valuable, effective approaches to counselling. Evidence shows that they both work and thus preference would be better decided with consideration of the client and their individual needs. Whilst person-centred counselling might be preferable for a client with trust issues or who requires extensive examination of past trauma, CBT might be preferable for someone with an immediate problem or phobia to solve or someone whose problems are primarily governed by negative self-talk. Since CBT works with cognitions and behaviour and person-centred counselling works more with affect and emotion, their application needs to be based on individual context. Agras, W.S., et al., 2000. A multicentre comparison of cognitive behavioural therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy for bulimia nervosa. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, pp.459-466. Beck, A. T., et al., (1979).  Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford Press. British Association of Counselling Psychotherapy 2009. Ethical Framework for Good Practice in Counselling Psychotherapy. Available from: http://www.bacp.co.uk [cited 09 January 2010]. Chantler, K., 2004. Double-edged sword: power and person-centred counselling. In Moodley, R., Lago, C., and Talahite, A. eds. Carl Rogers counsels a black client. Herefordshire: PCCS Books. Coren, A., 2001. Short- Term Psychotherapy: A Psychodynamic Approach. Palgrave Publishers Ltd. Elliott, R. and Freire, B., 2008. Person-Centred Experiential Therapies Are Highly Effective: Summary of the 2008 Meta-analysis. http://www.bapca.co.uk/uploads/files/Meta-Summary091708.doc. [cited 09 January 2011]. Rogers, Carl.,1951. Client-centered Therapy: Its Current Practice, Implications and Theory. London: Constable. Sussman, S., Sun, P., and Dent, C. W., 2006. A meta-analysis of teen cigarette smoking cessation. Health Psychology, 25(5), pp.549-557. Training and careers in counselling and psychotherapy (BACP) 2009. [online]. http://www.bacp.co.uk/admin/structure/files/pdf/811_t1.pdf [cited 09 January 2011]. Wilkins P.2003 Person-centred therapy in focus. London: SAGE publications Wilson, G.T., Grilo, C.M., and Vitousek, K.M. 2007. Psychological treatment of eating disorders. The  American Journal of Psychology, 62, pp.199-216. Wylie-Rosett., et al., 2001. Computerized weight loss intervention optimizes staff time. Journal of American Dietetic Association, 101, pp. 1155-1162.

Colosseum: Roman Society Essay

The colosseum was built to serve the emperors wants and needs to the members of society and it was more than just gladiator combat! The Purpose of the colosseum was to portray the dominance and power of Rome, highlight the social class/hierarchy of roman society, reinforcing the legal functions that applied the roman society, entertainment and social interactions between members of society, education, for political reasons and for religious purposes. Gladiators were entertaining and brave warriors as they had a large appeal to the audience, Even though gladiators came from the lowest class of Roman society. The gladiators fighting were customised differently so each individual had a gladiator to go for. These Gladiators were named and perceived different and they were Murmillion this gladiator was halfly armed swordsman and was a male sea creature called a mermaid. There was Retiarius Who was armed like a fisherman, Thracian a barbarian warrior, Samnite an old enemy and Secutor the most heavily armed with the heaviest body due to armor, but there was more to the colosseum than just gladiator combat. These characters represented the enemies of Rome as Rome was victories at the time and this reinforces the victory of the roman society. The colosseum portrays the power of Rome’s technology, wealth and military powers as they had the ability to build such a great structure using lime stone, cement, marble, and brick which also indicates that they had the population and man power needed to construct new things. The colosseum also highlights the technology the Roman society had by building such a huge structure not only in width but in height in contrast to other countries. This is evident as in other countries the amphitheatres were made from wood and would eventually break down. The hypogeum even reveals the power of the technology as there were elevators to escalate the fighters, animals or humans. Having conflicts within colosseum highlights there military power as it outline the different types of weapons it had in relation to other nations. The power of Rome was revealed as the building of the colosseum is still standing today. Inside the massive Colosseum there were hierarchical seating structures that individuals will sit in which outlined what type of citizens they were in the Roman society highlighting there social class. There were 76 entrance gates that will lead you to were you would sit. The unnumbered gates were special as only senators would have access to which will lead them to the best view closest to the arena then behind them in the other rows were the equestrians and further behind ordinary citizens and then regulated people but the emperors the highest of the social class were opposite each other next to the senators in there own box. The closer you are to the arena the more acceptable and appreciated you were in roman society as it portrays the social class you belonged in. The people fighting in the arena were criminals as they had the lowest reputation. This could have been an educational aspect as the poorer individuals of the roman society will learn new techniques in hunting and fighting which probably has never accompanied there attributes before as they never had the wealth and the eligibility to learn. This highlights how the poorer individuals of Roman society watching the games would have learnt new techniques and hunting skills from watching the events at the time. As mentioned the people fighting were criminals and for them to be a criminals they must have broken or disobeyed the law or have committed a crime such as murder and therefore they are sent out in the arena forced the fight as to reinforce the law to the people that want to disobey or break the law of Romanian society. The colosseum was also used as a legal function to Romanian society as a consequence and judgment to people that want disobey the legal system. Sport in Rome was there entertainment but they had very little compared to today’s society without television soccer balls and computers. The Roman society had entertainment the hard way as there entertainment was fighting until death and gladiator combat. In other words the colosseum was built in order for entertainment which practically everyone in the society needed. Gladiators were a source of entertainment so to were animals like a hippopotamus, elephant dogs and other vicious animals like lions. These animals or competitors will access the area through the hypogeum and out from the elevator. Animals were left to starve and therefore it will lead to a death battle which will excite the Rome society. As well as it being entertaining it also had a purpose of getting people socially interacting as individuals will compete and talk to people in there social class about the fights. The emperor could have built the colosseum possibly for financial reasons as there was merchandises being available for consumption. Individuals in the coloseum watching the game may get paranoid from the sun and start fights with other people. Food and entertainment was issued to calm and distract individuals from trouble making. The colosseum had bollards as they looked like gravestone things which were used for crowd control and people up to fifty five thousand could leave in half an hour. The colosseum was built by the emperor for entertainment but for also for political reasons. During the time of when the colosseum was built there was political corruption and trouble going on and the colosseum was built to get the roman people’s thinking away from corruption and being entertained by events being held in the colosseum. The colosseum had a religious purpose which was portrayed through the statues outside the colosseum. All the above leads to the articulation of the colosseum serving a purpose more than just gladiator combats. The above demonstrates the other purposes that lead to the creation of the colosseum like to portray the dominance and power of Rome, highlight the social class/hierarchy of roman society, reinforcing the legal functions that applied the roman society, entertainment and social interactions between members of society, education, for political reasons and for religious purposes.

The Impact Of Technology On The Music Industry - 1845 Words

Countless people are always saying that today’s music is trash. It’s repetitive and oversimplified, and all because of this new music technology constantly being developed. A listener rarely hears a piece of music that has not been touched by technology, but this isn’t necessarily a bad thing. These people fail to realize that the theory of music technology has been around since the 1700’s when Mozart invented a game using a die to compose music by chance (Baggi). It is also important to realize the true of meaning of technology to society, and while there may be drawbacks, there are benefits that far outweigh them. The role of technology in music is largely beneficial to society due to the fact that it increases accessibility to both artists and listeners and allows for musical innovation. With constantly developing music technology, the music industry is more accessible to artists and listeners than ever before. Before recording and production technology was easily accessible to the average person, making a record was a major process. It could cost upwards of $15,000 to get into a studio and record music, and even more to produce and sell it (Broussard). Today, with GarageBand, Audacity, and Studio One amongst a lot of other software, anyone can be a composer. It doesn’t cost thousands of dollars; in fact, it doesn’t have to cost anything to produce music. This benefits the artist in terms of both cost and experience. Artists who know what they’re doing with technology andShow MoreRelatedTechnology And Its Impact On The Music Industry Essay2573 Words   |  11 Pages Technology and Its Impact on the Music Industry Name College Technology and its Impact on the Music Industry Introduction The creation of musical works has always been culminated by several different processes and usually involves many people. The process takes a lot of time delaying the release of music. 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Malcolm X Impact on the World Essay - 718 Words

The history of the world has had its encounters with separation and segregation when it comes to race. For a long time the world has seen racism as a large problem and this has caused ethnic groups to be looked down upon or forced into a lifestyle of difficulties and suppression. Due to this situation, races, in particularly African Americans, have been forced to deal with unequal opportunity and poverty, leading to less honorable ways of getting by and also organizations and support change. Malcolm X is an example of an African American man who fell into this type of hate and acted against it. Malcolm X united people to promote the advancement of African Americans and change when it comes to his own race. If there was any one man who†¦show more content†¦In 1931 Earl Little was found dead on the train tracks. Even though Earl Little was often harassed by white supremacists, the police ruled his death a suicide, with this ruling Earl Little’s insurance policy was not enforced. 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